Background: In a country like India, with limited resources and skilled manpower, the most feasible and cost effective method of controlling oral diseases should be preventive based, either in the form of information dissemination or specific protective measures. But the curriculum of our dental education does not train students in practicing or applying primary prevention, which remains the need of the hour. This review aims to emphasise the importance of primary prevention when compared to curative dentistry.

Aim: To assess dental students (6th year and Interns) knowledge and attitude regarding management of bleeding disorders in Buraidah and Riyadh City. Materials and method: A cross sectional survey was conducted among dental students enrolled in 6th year and internship program in Buraidah and Riyadh City. A Questionnaire containing 28 questions assessing awareness of dental students about bleeding disorders was mailed to all the students. A total of 158 students responded to the questionnaire. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS Version 11.5. Results: A majority of students in internship and final year had moderate (48.1%) to poor (36.1%) knowledge about bleeding disorders. Conclusion: In this study it can be concluded that the knowledge of the dental students is not optimal about the bleeding disorders and additional specific training is required to improve their skills in the management of patients with bleeding disorders.

Aim: The aim of study was to find the vaccination status of infants and their mothers during pregnancy and to find out the factors affecting such coverage in the district Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using World health organization (WHO) 30 cluster sampling technique. According to this technique, 30 clusters including seven mothers along with their infants were considered per cluster randomly. The mothers were convinced for interview through the structured Performa to ask about the vaccination status of their infants and themselves. Results: 93% mothers during pregnancy were found to be vaccinated with both the doses while 87% infants were found to be vaccinated with tetanus toxoid. The factors affecting for low vaccination coverage was also determined. Among them, Economic and lacking education or awareness were the common factors. Conclusion: Thus, Study emphasis for the effective measures needed to raise this vaccination status up to 100%.

Aim : The aim of this study was to evaluate & compare the shear bond strength of different restorative composite resins and glass ionomer cement over white mineral trioxide aggregate. Method: Forty specimens of White MTA were condensed into cavities prepared in acrylic blocks and divided into four groups (ten each). In group one, Adper single bond (two-step 'total- etch adhesive') bonding agent and Z250 composite, in group two Xeno V one component self-etching adhesive bonding agent and CeramX Mono composite, in group three Vertise Flow flowable composite and in group four Glass ionomer cement were placed over White MTA. The shear bond strength was measured in the universal testing machine and the results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test. Results: Adper single bond 2 and Z250 composite had statistically significant (p<0.005) higher shear bond strength values than Xeno V and Ceram X Mono composite, Vertise Flow and GIC. Conclusion: The placement of composite Z250, used with Adper single bond, over White MTA as final restoration may be appropriate.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the therapeutic efficacy of microneedling and microneedling combined with topical 5- fluorouracil. Materials and Method: Twentyfive patients with localized stable vitiligo were treated in each group. Microneedling alone was done in control group where as in study group microneedling combined with topical 5- fluorouracil was used which is available in form of solution with concentration of 50mg/ml. The procedure was repeated after every 15 days upto 6 months and the patients were followed up to 9 months. Results: The efficacy of treatment was higher (67.24%) and rapid in lesions treated with microneedling combined with 5-fluorouracil compared with microneedling (26.66%) alone. Conclusion: Microneedling combined with 5-fluorouracil is efficient and a better treatment in localised stable childhood vitiligo.

Aim : To comparatively evaluate the stress distribution in three commonly used implant systems in two different bone densities D 2 and D4 using 3D finite element analysis. Materials and Methods : Pro-engineer 3-0 software was used to create the geometric models of the three implant systems (Nobel biocare, Biohorizon, Adin) and two bone densities D2 and D4. Six 3D models were created to simulate each one of the three implant systems supporting a metal ceramic crown placed in two different densities of bone D2 and D4. The Poisson's ratio(΅) and Youngs modulus(E) of elasticity were assigned to different materials used for the models. Vertical and oblique loads of 450N each were applied on all six models. Von Mises stress analysis was done with ANSYS software. Results : Von Mises stresses were more within D4 type bone than D2 type, for all the three systems of implants and less stresses were seen in Biohorizon implant followed by Nobel Biocare and Adin implant particularly in D4 bone. Conclusion: The study concluded that the selection of a particular implant system should be based on the scientific research rather than on popularity.

Aim : Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a progressive premalignant condition largely occurring in Indian subcontinent due to habitual chewing of betel nut. Major symptoms of the condition include burning sensation to spicy food and progressive trismus. Since aetiology and pathogenesis of this condition is not fully understood; the management of patient focuses on symptomatic relief of trismus and burning sensation. Materials and Method : This was a pilot study to compare the outcome of diode laser (category A) to steroid and hyaluronidase injections (category B) in early stage of OSMF. Results : By the end of six months, patients in either of the categories showed significant improvement in reduction of symptoms, however; patients in category A showed greater significance in mouth opening ( p=0.002 vs. p=0.011) and reduction in burning sensation (p=0.002 vs. p=0.004). Conclusion: Although laser excision is not an answer for OSMF, it is a simple surgical procedure with effective results in the management of symptoms of OSMF. Improved mouth opening further facilitates periodic inspection of mucosa for initial signs of malignant transformation.

Aim: To compare the results of this study with an alternate method of Kuntscher nailing with adjunctive plating for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in terms of operative parameters, limb mobilization, radiation exposure and fracture union. Materials & Method: This study included 25 patients in each group, 18-60 years of age having diaphyseal fractures of the femur treated with Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing. The results were compared with an equal number of cases of femur shaft fractures treated with K-nail and adjunctive plating, retrospective or concurrent. Results: There were no statistically significant difference (p=0.166, p=0.260 respectively) between the two groups with regard to Range of Motion(ROM) & callus formation at 12 weeks follow up and on comparing the two treatment groups according to Thoresan criteria, excellent results were achieved in 19 cases of Interlocking Nailing group and 20 cases of K nail with plate group. The P value was statistically non significant (p=0.919). Conclusion: This Study conclude that both Interlocking nailing and Kuntscher Nailing with Adjuvant plating are good methods for the fixation of femur shaft fractures with comparable results. Hence, treatment plan of each femur shaft fracture must be individualised according to the level of fracture, fracture pattern, infrastructure available, surgical skills and availability of trained manpower to choose between these two methods.

Aim: This study was done with an aim to evaluate the effect of 0.10% sodium hypochlorite in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Method: The study included 30 patients diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis who reported to the Department of Periodontology at Karnavati School of Dentistry. The duration of the study was 3 months with 30 patients are randomly divided into 2 groups. The test group consisted of 15 patients who were advised to rinse with 15 mL of a fresh solution of 0.10% sodium hypochlorite (test) for 30 seconds whereas the control group patients were advised to rinse with 15 mL of water (control) twice weekly. The test group patients received professional subgingival irrigation for 5 minutes with 0.10% sodium hypochlorite at baseline, 1st month, 2nd month and 3rd month and the control group patients received professional subgingival irrigation for 5 minutes with water, but no subgingival or supragingival scaling was undertaken. The cl inical parameters recorded were: Turesky et al modification of Quigley hein index (1970), Gingival index (1963) and Papillary Marginal Attachment index by Schour and Massler (1947). All the parameters were recorded at the baseline, 1 st month, 2nd month and 3rd month. Adverse events were evaluated by questionnaire and visual examination. Result: All 30 patients in the study completed the 3-month study. The differences in clinical parameters between the sodium hypochlorite rinse group and the water rinse group were statistically significant. No adverse events were reported by any of the study patients. Conclusion: The results from the study showed that rinsing with 0.10% sodium hypochlorite led to decrease in dental plaque level and bleeding on probing and may prove to be a promising new approach for the management of periodontal disease.

Background: Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder associated with an extra chromosome (Trisomy21), resulting in intellectual disability, specific physical features and variety of oral health problems such as gingivitis, severe periodontal disease, necrotising and early tooth loss. The present case study describes the treatment phases and challenges faced in the rehabilitation of a 24 years old Down syndrome patient with a tooth supported complete overdenture.

Background: Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary group of disorders which are manifested as X-linked recessive trait and has a full expression in males, whereas females show little or no signs of the disorder. This disorder leads to disturbances in the ectoderm of the developing embryo. It has many evident general and oral features which makes its rehabilitation of utmost importance. Correction of the presenting clinical oral disorders may help improve the quality of life for the patient. A multidisciplinary approach has to be adopted for such cases and it becomes a challenge in pediatric patients. In this report, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment plan of a 7-year-old male patient suffering from ectodermal dysplasia has been discussed.