Paediatric death inside dental office by the effect of anaesthesia in dentistry is a very difficult case but not rare. In this article, we reviewed more than thirty studies with data focussing on death associated with dental anaesthesia using nitrous oxide (N₂O). In children, most cases died at the age of 2–5 years. Hypoxia was the most common cause of death and cardiovascular, respiratory. Although rare death following general anaesthesia in dentistry, it is a critical side effect mostly seen in adult patients with compromised health conditions. Therefore, appropriate case selection in regard to patient's general health status as well as standard technical and equipment conditions is mandatory to reduce the risk of death during N₂O dental anaesthesia in children. We have also given the list of guidelines and dietary care for children during N₂O anaesthetic procedures inside the dental office.

The human body is a permissible medium, and radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) waves pass through this medium. The effects exerted by RF-EMF devices such as mobile phones on brain tissues are categorised into thermal and non-thermal effects. The aim of this review was to analyse the interactions and interface between RF-EMF exposure and the nervous system, to ascertain any negative impact on the nervous system at both cellular, molecular and systems level. Original studies that reported on the effects of RF-EMF exposure on the brain function and nervous system from inception to 20 August 2019 were searched online. The PubMed database was utilised. The MeSH system was used to excerpt relevant research studies from PubMed using the following keywords: electromagnetic field, radiofrequency, mobile phone, brain, central nervous system, radiation and neurophysiology. All selected articles were published in the English. Full articles were assessed, and relevant information was extracted. RF-EMF exposure significantly altered several neurophysiological mechanisms based on electroencephalogram studies and molecular and biochemical analysis. However, there was no substantial evidence linking RF-EMF exposure to the pathogenesis of brain tumour.

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common inflammatory autoimmune diseases in the central nervous system, which affects individuals ranged between 20 and 40 years of age. There is still no gene or genes set that is unique to the disease. On the other hand, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) gene is one of the most important interferon signalling molecules and has been shown to affect many autoimmune diseases, and it is obvious that it is involved in CNS inflammation. In this study, we investigated the expression of TBK1 gene as a major factor in the production and activity of interferons in patients with MS. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients with MS and 30 healthy individuals referring to Kashani Hospital in Shahrekord which matched for age and sex were selected. According to the received treatments, MS patients were divided into three groups as follows: the newly diagnosed group not receiving treatment, interferon β1α (IFNβ1α) treatment group and IFNβ1β treatment group. After filling the questionnaire, blood was sampled, total RNA was extracted and finally, cDNA was synthesised from the individuals. The TBK1 kinase gene expression was investigated using the TaqMan real-time with ΔΔCt method. Obtained data were analysed using GRAPHPAD 5 and SPSS version 21 software. Results: In this study, the two studied groups did not show any significant differences in age and sex parameters. Our results showed that TBK1 expression in newly diagnosed patients was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.006). However, no significant difference was observed between the two treated groups with the control group. Furthermore, there was a significant difference at the TBK1 gene expression level between the newly diagnosed group patients and the two groups receiving the treatments. There was also no significant correlation between age and sex with gene expression was demonstrated in this study (P = 0.130 and P = 0.310, respectively). Conclusion: Disruption of TBK1 gene expression can be one of the MS causes of onset at the molecular level. Besides, since the expression of this gene has been investigated in newly diagnosed individuals with MS, it may be possible to utilise this molecule in the early detection of the disease, especially in individuals at high risk of disease (with risk index). It can also be used as a new therapeutic approach by targeting this molecule to improve the progression of disease; furthermore, it can be used as a factor in responding to treatment in patients responding to IFN.

Background: Acrylamide (ACR) has cytotoxic effects on various tissues of the body, including the reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on changes in serum levels of pituitary–gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in ACR-treated adult rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 equal groups including control group, sham group received only distilled water intraperitoneally, ACR group received 50 mg/kg ACR orally, NAC group received 40 mg/kg NAC intraperitoneally and ACR+NAC1, ACR+NAC2 and ACR+NAC3 groups received 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg NAC intraperitoneally, respectively, and then received 50 mg/kg ACR orally. After 28 days of treatment, serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by ELISA method, and the testicular tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Results: Hormonal and histopathological analysis indicated that compared to the control, sham and NAC groups, the administration of ACR alone decreased FSH and testosterone levels while increased LH level, and also, it decreased spermatogenic and Leydig cells, but it had no effect on Sertoli cells. The administration of NAC alone had no influence on the level of hormones and spermatogenesis. Coadministration of ACR+NAC ameliorated the serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone and increased the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells and recovered spermatogenesis disrupts, in a dose-dependent manner compared to the ACR group. Conclusion: As a potent antioxidant, NAC could inhibit ACR-induced toxicity effects in a dose-dependent manner and ameliorate spermatogenesis in rats.

Background: Brucellosis is one of the most common diseases between humans and livestock. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and determine the risk factors related to spatial distribution of human brucellosis in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, in which 741 brucellosis patients were entered in the study during 7 years. Arc geographic information system version 10.2 software was used to create a spatial distribution map. The analysis of this study was performed using the SPSS software version 24 using Chi-square, independent t-test and ANOVA with a statistical significance level of P = 0.05. Results: Seasonal pattern of brucellosis was observed in this province with significant increase in spring and summer (P < 0.001). The highest incidence rate was found in ranchers (40%) and housewives (33.6%) (P < 0.001). The highest incidence of the disease (20/10,000 people) was observed in Kohgiluyeh city which was centred in Dehdasht. Furthermore, seven disease prevalence centres (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) were detected by Kernel density analysis in terms of prevalence rate per square kilometre that the western density centre (Centre C) was identified as the main centre of the disease incidence (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be said that climatic features affect the incidence of brucellosis. Due to the high prevalence of brucellosis in male rancher and rural housewives and the identification of density centres of diseases incidence of in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, it is necessary prevention and control of brucellosis measures should be taken seriously in high-risk areas.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) presenting as peripheral blood hyperoeosinophilia is a sporadic disorder with fewer than fifty cases described since 1973, and the cumulative incidence is <1%. ALL/LBL with hyperoeosinophilia and the absence of blasts in peripheral blood might lead to misdiagnosis of ALL/LBL. The physician should keep in mind that oeosinophilia can be part of acute leukaemia and should be carefully investigated. In this case report, we discuss a case of B cell ALL/LBL (B-ALL/B-LBL) with peripheral blood hyperoeosinophilia and in the absence of blasts in peripheral blood. A 17-year-old young boy presented with low-grade fever, itching, bilateral progressive limb weakness and pleural effusion. His bone marrow and paravertebral mass were diagnostic of B-ALL/B-LBL. Around half of the patients with ALL associated with hyperoeosinophilia show cytogenetic abnormalities and most common anomalies are t (5;14) (q31; q32), which is otherwise rare in ALL, but in the current case report, has normal karyotype.