Background: The umbilical cord is a narrow tube-like structure that connects the developing baby to the placenta. Most of the nuchal cords diagnosed in early pregnancy get spontaneously uncoiled. This study was carried out to show that such natural occurrence does not have significant effect on pregnancy, labour and neonates if proper intra-partum foetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring could be provided by a caregiver. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner (Rajasthan). For completing 100 cases with nuchal cord, we had to observe 506 cases and by which we took out the incidence of nuchal cord and which was separately categorised into single, double, triple and four and more than four groups. Results: The present study showed mean cord length also increases with number of loops (50.93 cm in single loop as compared to 72.33 cm) in cases with four loops and showed that patients having tight nuchal cord have higher incidence of caesarean as well as forceps delivery, but these were not statistically significant (P = 0.56 and P= 0.57) and Apgar score <7 at 1 min, FHR deceleration and meconium staining of liquor were statistically higher significant (P = 0.001,P= 0.0001 and P= 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: At present, expertise to diagnose multiple and tight loops on ultrasound are limited, which should be the aim for future. Multicentric and large studies are further required in association with more specific and sensitive diagnostic aid for tight and multiple loops so as to provide the best perinatal management with good foetal outcome.

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Background and Aim: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests (CAFTs) are non-invasive tests that can assess both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic functions. Autonomic dysfunction may be considered as a risk factor for obesity and vice versa. For measurement of obesity, body mass index (BMI) is a simple, valid and inexpensive method. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of obesity based on BMI criteria on autonomic nervous system based on CAFT in young adult males. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 43 young adult males in the age group of 18–25 years with an age-matched control (n = 43) group. After initial screening, anthropometric measurements were recorded. CAFTs were performed and recorded by the Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Analysis System (CANWin). Unpaired t- test was done to compare the parameters of study and control groups in Microsoft Excel^® 2010. Results: Parasympathetic test parameters of study and control groups when expressed in mean ± standard deviation were not found statistically significant (P > 0.05). The fall in systolic blood pressure (BP) in orthostatic test of study group (12.19 ± 4.8 mmHg) was significantly (P = 0.0001) higher than that of control group (7.33 ± 5.16 mmHg). Increase in diastolic BP in isometric handgrip exercise test of study group (11.84 ± 5.39 mmHg) was significantly less (P = 0.004) than that of control group (16.39 ± 8.71 mmHg). Conclusion: Overweight young males have altered sympathetic activity but parasympathetic activity did not show any significant difference when compared to normal weight males.

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Dermatoglyphics deals with the study of the epidermal ridges and their configurations on the fingers, palms and soles. The word dermatoglyphics is derived from the Greek word 'Derma' meaning skin and 'glyphics' meaning carvings. Dermatoglyphics, once matured, remain unchanged throughout the life of an individual and are not influenced by either the environmental or, age-related factors. Because of these amazing qualities, these dermal ridges play a very crucial and important role in the personal identification of an individual, for forensic purposes, in twin diagnosis, racial variation and have applied values in various diseases and syndromes. Dermatoglyphics has, therefore, been accepted as a simple and inexpensive method for deciding whether a patient would have a particular genetic or, chromosomal defect or, not, and if so, to adopt the preventive strategies at the early enough stages.

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Introduction: Paediatricians examine infants several times during the 1^st and 2^nd years of life. Parents usually seek paediatricians' guidance in securing their child's normal growth and development. If proper counsel regarding the child's development and eruption of teeth as well as guidance for the prevention of various oral diseases is rendered at this age, better oral health can be attained for these children. Aims: This study aimed to determine and assess the knowledge and treatment needs of paediatricians for infant oral health care (OHC) in Vadodara, Gujarat. Materials and Methods: One hundred paediatricians practicing in Vadodara City, registered in the Indian Medical Association, were randomly selected for the study. They were requested to fill an objective questionnaire without providing any infant oral health information. Filled questionnaire pro forma was collected by principle investigator. The descriptive analysis was done for the data. Results: Out of the 100 paediatricians, ninety returned the questionnaire, with the response rate of 90%. Knowledge regarding infant OHC was found to be poor in 60% and average in 40% and attitude regarding the same was found to be poor in 20%, average in 60% and good in 20% of the responders. Awareness regarding infant OHC was found to be good in 80% and average in 20% of the paediatricians. Conclusion: Paediatricians need to update themselves on recent recommendations regarding infant oral health to ensure that all their patients receive timely preventive and restorative dental care. This study showed that there is a need for more communication between the paediatricians and pedodontists so as to deliver better child OHC.

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Introduction: Inadequate control of dental plaque is one of the primary causative factors in the development of gingivitis and periodontal disease progression. Numerous agents have been available to reduce this plaque. Studies have shown the effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and herbal mouthwash (HM) individually, but limited evidence has compared the efficacy of both clinically and microbiologically. Hence, this study evaluated the efficacy of HM and CHX on Porphyromonas gingivalis along with that of clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomised controlled double-blinded study. Thirty participants were divided into two groups (15 test and 15 controls). Each participant had undergone scaling and root planing and was then given either of the mouthwashes. Oral hygiene index-simplified, plaque index, gingival index and bleeding on probing were recorded. Subgingival plaque samples were taken to evaluate P. gingivalis by polymerised chain reaction. Results: HM showed significant results, and when antimicrobial efficacy was combined, clinically no statistical significance was seen compared to CHX. Participants' perception was also similar for both mouthwashes. Conclusion: HM was found equally effective against periopathogens and well accepted by the participants.

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Background: Statins are drugs used for locking the synthesis of cholesterol as it inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Besides action on cholesterol, statins also possess multiple pleiotropic actions such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, angiogenesis promotion and increase in bone formation; other new pleiotropic effects of statins are continuously being described, but their clinical relevance has not been established. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was planned to assess the effect of systemic or local statin therapy on clinical as well as radiographic periodontal parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methodology: A search was performed in the electronic databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCO and Cochrane databases for randomised controlled trial on humans, and hand search was also carried out. The included articles were screened for their risk of bias and data extracted in predefined format. The meta-analysis was performed using comprehensive meta-analysis. Software: Random effects model was used for pooled analysis. Results: Six studies were included in systematic review having moderate to low risk of bias. Four studies were included in meta-analysis. Results of meta-analysis for clinical parameters such as clinical attachment level (1.95 mm), probing depth (2.28 mm) and marginal sulcular bleeding index (1.10) as well as for radiographic parameters such as intrabony defect (1.90 mm) were statistically significant for locally applied statins. Conclusion: As statins are effective and safe in short-term use and locally delivered and user-friendly, they can be more widely used in periodontal treatment.

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Background: The population growth as a multifaceted factor is a controversial issue in Iran. The main aim of this study is to compare the population growth and some sociodemographic-related factors in the rural areas between 2004 and 2013 in the north of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, sample size was estimated at a minimum of 2401 (with an accuracy of 0.01 and error < 0.05). These studies were carried out on 2816 and 2562 individuals in 2004 and 2013, respectively. The sampling was combinational, and 20 out of 118 villages were selected randomly. We collected the data from all families whose children were under the age of 5 years. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 18.0, and P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean and standard deviation in 2004 and 2013 was 4.86 &3177; 1.96 and 4.13 &3177; 1.34, respectively. Decreasing trend was statistically significant during the two studies (P < 0.001). The highest family size has been observed in Turkmen group with 5.41 and 4.44 numbers in 2004 and 2013, respectively. Family size was positively correlated with economic status (P = 0.001), but it was negative with educational levels. ANOVA showed a significant difference between education level and mean of family size (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Family size in Turkmen group was higher than that in Fars-native and Sistani groups. It had a significant decreasing trend during the 9-year study. Population growth has a positive correlation with economic status and negative correlation with mother's educational level.

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Aim: Breech is the most common form of malpresentation. It is defined as when foetus occupies a longitudinal lie with the pelvic extremity at the pelvic brim and head at the fundus of the uterus. The present study was conducted on 100 cases of breech presentation to find out the labour outcome in breech deliveries and various factors affecting it. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umaid Hospital, attached to Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur. A total of 100 cases of breech presentation including single as well as plural pregnancies in which one or more foetuses were presenting as breech were taken. Both booked and unbooked cases in primigravidae and multigravidae were studied. The cases were selected at random among those who got admitted in labour room. Results: In the present series, incidence of breech deliveries came to be 4.1094%. Incidence of breech presentation was maximum (45%) in the age group of 21–25 years. In this study, out of 100 cases, 62 were multigravidae and 38 were primigravidae, and 43 cases (43%) were associated with factors which endanger of life of the foetus, among which twin pregnancy and pre-eclamptic toxaemia were the most commonly associated factors. In the present series, among 100 cases studied, 14 were breech babies and congenital malformation, of which hydrocephalus was the most common malformation found. Conclusion: The study concludes that prematurity is associated with high incidence of breech presentation. The most common variety of breech presentation is flexed breech, which is found more in multigravidae. Caesarean section is the mode of delivery of choice as it carries minimal foetal loss. Extended variety of breech is safest for the baby and carries minimal foetal loss.

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