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Introduction: Most evidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) comes from hospitals as the risks associated with hospital care are higher. However, underreporting of ADEs is a critical problem in all healthcare settings. This is important in sub-Saharan African countries including Ghana with limited resources and a high prevalence of both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Consequently, this study sought to determine the annual prevalence of spontaneously reported ADEs using 6-year reports and factors associated with the occurrence of serious ADEs amongst outpatient care settings in hospitals in Ghana to provide future guidance. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study using duplicates of the Ghana Food and Drugs Authority adverse event forms retrieved from three outpatient care settings submitting their reports to the National Pharmacovigilance Centre in Ghana between 2013 and 2018. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Results: Overall, 93 spontaneously reported cases of ADEs were identified during the study period. The annual prevalence rate was 192 reports/1000,000 population amongst our study population, and the rate of serious ADE was 35.48% (95% confidence interval: 25.83%–46.09%). Serious ADEs were associated with the type of indication for which the drug was prescribed (P = 0.048), the duration of the ADE (P = 0.047) and the need to administer treatment for the ADE at the reporting facility (P = 0.017). Conclusion: Early spontaneous reporting of ADEs at outpatient settings is essential. Patient and provider education and awareness of potential ADEs must be intensified for early identification and reporting.

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Novel coronavirus outbreak in December 2019 leads to current pandemic condition worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 known as the aetiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The major characterisation of COVID-19 is to involve lung and induce pneumonia, multiorgan failure, hypoxia and deat h. This systematic literature review aimed to assess the clinical manifestation and laboratory and radiologic features in patients with COVID-19. A literature review of the indexed articles in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Embase was performed to evaluate pathophysiology of COVID-19. Between 77,406 assessed COVID-19 patients, the most reported background diseases were cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. After fever, cough was the second most common repeated clinical feature. Furthermore, the laboratory investigations reveal that the C-reactive protein (CRP) increasing is the most common frequent laboratory finding. Chest imaging assessment indicates that bilateral involvement of the lungs is more common than unilateral involvement. Despite the fact that some of the COVID-19-infected patients are asymptomatic, the majority of patients showed a broad range of manifestation. The clinical findings help in better understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and patient's management. The primary concept of understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology is necessary for reach to target therapeutics approach. According to the results, further in vivo investigations on animal models could be recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients in future.

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Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global public health issue, and at least 30% of women have exposed to some form of IPV in their lifetime. It was aimed to examine the association between IPV and women's decision-making power in India from the data provided by the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) 2015–2016. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where data were collected from the NFHS-4 2015–2016 of India. A total of 670,615 women aged between 15 to 49 years completed the interviews (196,987 women participated from urban areas and 470,578 women from rural areas and 3050 women were from slums). Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 24. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 29.83 (±9.76) years, 35.4% of women belong to 15–24 years of age category, 70.7% of respondents are from the rural area, 28% of women have no education, only 23.4% of women were employed and about 45.9% of women are using mobile phones. The findings show that place of residence, educational status, employment status, possession of mobile phones, age, knowledge of loans programme and husband/partner age, husband/partner educational level and consumption of alcohol are significantly associated with decision making power of women (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The abused women might attempt to respond to the abuse by trying to control other aspects of her life and making decisions alone without their spouse. This research indicated important factors responsible for decision-making amongst the reproductive women in India.

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Introduction: The medical error report is known as the basis for patient safety measures. To increase the frequency of error reporting, it is important to identify selection barriers and remove them over time. We aimed to review the barriers and facilities of medical errors reporting. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted on the English and Persian documents published throughout a 10-year period (2010–2020) in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google scholar databases. All documents were assessed for eligibility by titles or abstracts according to the search strategy. The screening process was conducted by two independent authors. The selected articles were checked regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: In total, 231 relevant studies were searched in 2010–2020, and after evaluating the full text of the article, 28 full-text articles were opted in accordance with the eligibility criteria, and finally, 22 full-text articles were reviewed systematically. According to the studies that were analysed, the most common obstacle was the reporting fear of individual and legal charges among health-care personnel. The majority of clinical staff suggested using anonymous reporting systems, modifying the 'blame' culture and the unsuitable behaviour of managers to prevent reporting barriers. Conclusion: Based on the up-to-date information on barriers to medical error reporting by the staff, suggestions are made to address the barriers. Efforts to create an effective reporting system will be appropriate for patient care. Furthermore, the correct behaviour of managers will be very effective in dealing with employees' errors and training.

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Introduction: Endogamous tribal cultures often have certain preserved clinical phenotypes that serve almost like a window to the past. Culturally sequestered populations often share certain habits and viewpoints including those related to preferences and aesthetics. The present study aims to throw light on the perception of aesthetics as based on the most prevalent form of malocclusion in a tribal population. Materials and Methods: Of the 819 adolescents screened in the age group of 13–19 years, 63% (516) were boys and 37% (303) were girls. The evaluated occlusion of the students was categorised into four groups as ideal occlusion and the three categories of Angle's malocclusion (Class I, II and III). A simple set of questions were posed to elicit awareness of orthodontic treatment and perceived treatment needs. All results were tabulated for further analysis. Results: Analysis of the tabulated findings revealed a percentage distribution as follows. About 7% had ideal occlusion and 93% (762) had malocclusion categorised as 72% with Angle's Class I, 26% with Angle's Class II and 2% with Angle's Class III. A Chi-square test of independence showed that there was no significant association between gender and the prevalence of malocclusion, ² (2, n = 762) = 2.5, P = 0.28. Questions posed to elicit awareness of orthodontic treatment and perceived treatment needs revealed that while 77% of the individuals screened were aware of orthodontic treatment, only 7% of those questioned felt they had a perceived need for treatment. Conclusion: Aesthetic perception including a perceived need for orthodontic treatment in a population might be strongly influenced not only by the viewpoint of peers but also by what is considered to be normal to the majority.

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This study aims to measure the level of psychological distress amongst stranded university students due to movement control order (MCO) lockdown in the early stage of a pandemic outbreak. A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted to obtain prevalence information on perceived depression, anxiety, and stress amongst stranded varsity students in the first 10 days of Malaysia's nationwide lockdown. Information on depression, anxiety and stress was compiled using Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. Fifty-eight stranded varsity students participated in this survey. The period of research was between the first 2 weeks of the initial MCO enforcement in Malaysia. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data. 14%, 22% and 10% of the 58 stranded students reported moderate to too severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. During this period, the most frequently utilised communication mode with family and loved ones was through phone calls, followed by WhatsApp calls and Facetime. Writing letters and telegram are the least used mode of communication amongst the respondents. Worrying about 'family safety' topped the list as a source of worry that was rated by 88% of the respondents, followed by 'interaction with others' and 'own safety'. Approximately 16% rated 'food and beverage' as a source of stress for them in the first 2 weeks of the lockdown. The government and varsities' coordinated initiatives and measures such as food aid and disseminating essential information by dedicated spokespeople may have softened the negative impact of a pandemic, isolation and uncertain situations on the stranded mental health students.

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Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of supplementary file system in the removal of gutta-percha and sealer from the root canal system. Subjects and Methods: Forty-five oval single-rooted mandibular premolars were prepared up to size F2 (DENTSPLY ProTaper) and obturated with gutta-percha and sealer and randomly divided into Group I, Group II and Group III (n = 15). Each group was retreated with ProTaper retreatment files and then additionally retreated with Supplementary files, XP EndoFinisher R file, ProTaper F3 and F4 and WaveOne large, respectively. The cone-beam computed tomography scans were taken after obturation, during the first stage retreatment and second stage retreatment to compare the volume of root filling residue that remained after different stages of retreatment. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to compare the data. Results: Group I exhibited least root canal residue (P < 0.01) as compared to Group II and Group III that were statistically similar (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The ProTaper retreatment files, coupled with XP EndoFinisher R file, results in the better removal of the root canal fillings during endodontic retreatment procedure.

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Introduction: Anomalies of the oral and dental structures can be isolated or represent a manifestation of a general disorder or a syndrome. Oral anomalies may lead to functional and aesthetic disorders, and their recognition contributes to early diagnosis and treatment planning. Hence, their recognition is of great significance for a timely and accurate diagnosis. Hence, the present study aimed to know the prevalence of oral anomalies in school-going children. Aim: The aim of this study was to know the prevalence of oral anomalies in schoolchildren between the age group of 5 and 14 years located in Vadodara city. Methodology: The study was comprised of 7533 schoolchildren (male – 4211 and female – 3322) aged between 5 years and 14 years. All of the study participants underwent an oral screening examination for oral health and developmental anomalies. Results: Out of 7533 children, 65 (42 – male and 22 – female) had oral anomalies, with a prevalence of 0.86%. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth and fusion was 0.37% and 0.07%, respectively. Ankyloglossia showed an equal frequency in both sexes, with a prevalence value of 0.02%. The prevalence value of 0.10% and 0.06% was noted in talon's cusp and cleft lip and palate, respectively. With 0.03% prevalence, microdontia showed an equal sex predilection. With a prevalence value of 0.01%, the least common anomalies found here were geographic tongue, microdontia and temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Conclusion: Oral anomalies occur with different frequencies in many countries of the world amongst different ethnic or regional groups. Early identification of these anomalies is noteworthy in planning comprehensive management of the young child.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) in patients-seeking endodontic treatment at a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, institutional-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from 2018 to 2020 on 300 study participants between 30 and 70 years of age, using the data obtained from the records of patients who had no known history of HTN and DM and who were clinically advised to undergo endodontic treatment. Fasting blood sugar level and blood pressure were recorded for each study participant. Clinical data parameters were analysed, and the Chi-square statistical test was applied. Results: Out of 300 patients, 19.3% (58 patients) were diagnosed with DM and 17.7% (53 patients) were diagnosed with HTN. Statistically, a high significant difference was found in the prevalence of DM and HTN among endodontic patients according to age with the highest prevalence demonstrated in the age group of 61–70 years. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of both diseases according to gender. Conclusion: Within the limitations of our study, it may be concluded that the estimated prevalence of DM and HTN in this study points as a risk indicator, especially in older age group population undergoing endodontic treatment. It is thus, advised that a clinical protocol of prior referral to a family physician for detailed pre-operative clinicopathological screening and systemic evaluation before performing any endodontic treatment be devised for all age groups to avoid medical complications and/or modifications if any, that may be required in endodontic treatment of undiagnosed DM and HTN patients.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of different doses Abelmoschus esculentus hydroalcoholic extract (AEHE) on changes in pituitary-gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic adult rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were randomly divided into six groups of six. The control group did not receive treatment, but the STZ60 group received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and the AEHE400 group received 400 mg/kg AEHE orally for 28 days. The STZ60 + AEHE100, 200 and 400 groups first received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and then received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg AEHE, respectively, for 28 days orally. At the end of the study, the hormonal levels were measured by ELISA method, and the testicular tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Results: Hormonal results represented that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels had increased in STZ60 group, and testosterone level had decreased. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, FSH, LH and testosterone levels were improved compared to the STZ60 group. Histopathological findings also showed that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells decreased in STZ60 group, but there were no changes in Sertoli cells. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, an improvement in the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells was observed compared to the STZ60 group. Conclusion: At the optimum dose (400 mg/kg), AEHE has protective effects on the testicular tissue and levels of pituitary-gonadal axis hormones in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

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Background: The activity in various regions of the brain can be assessed through changes in spectral and temporal aspects of EEG, in reference to particular and diverse physiological states. The band powers calculated through frequency domain decline through the baseline and execution of voluntary movements. The deterioration in perceptual efficiency resulting from prolonged focused attention and conditions. The present study investigated the feasibility of using Clock task as a means to evaluate the sustained attention through frontal EEG. Method: The Clock task, a paradigm for the assessment of sustained attention was designed. The participants have to monitor and react when the hand of the clock stops slightly longer than usual. The sample comprised of 6 participants who complete Clock task. Frontal EEG signals were recorded. Results: The left inferior frontal gyrus are associated with vigilance in beta frequency bands when attention is directed towards task. The performance in clock task, showed high brain activity when the subject was engaged in maintaining vigilance. The exploration of beta activity strengthens the Sensory feedback through visual modality during static motor control. Conclusion: The ventral pathway of the visual information processing in the described cognitive task may play a significant role to regulate attentional processes. The study concluded the left prefrontal and temporal regions plays a significant role in the modulation of sustained attention. The area can be potentially used to monitor changes both at physiological and psychological level during alertness.

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Background: The rise in overweight and obesity is a major public health problem in today's era. The main reasons are nutrition transition, urbanisation, westernisation, sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity. These interlinkage leads to modifications in physiological response via adipocytokines which are closely related to degenerative diseases. Objectives: The study aims to find out the percent change in biomarkers of weight gain among overweight and obese working women (respondents). Methodology: By purposive sampling technique, 32 respondents were selected and data were collected by interview schedule method. All respondents underwent 6 months of intervention programme i.e., dietary guidelines of following the hypocaloric diet suggested with dairy food products. Results: Anthropometric measurements showed a highly significant change among cases (P < 0.001). Among cases, systolic blood pressure showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) after 6 months. Biochemical parameters among cases showed significant changes among fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.01), fasting insulin (P < 0.05) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P < 0.01). Significant changes were also observed among cases in biochemical parameters, i.e., total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total lipids, non-HDL cholesterol, cholesterol HDL ratio and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index(OUICKI) (P < 0.001). High-sensitive C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor alpha and adiponectin also showed significant change after 6 months (P < 0.001). Nutrient intake also showed statistically significant change after intervention (P < 0.001) except in the intake of phosphorus and calcium (P > 0.05). A positive correlation was noticed between systolic blood pressure with weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and percent body fat and between adiponectin and waist–hip ratio. HOMA-IR and QUICKI also showed a positive correlation with energy intake (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Incorporating a hypocaloric diet with dairy food products helps in harmonising the biomarkers of weight gain among respondents.

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Aims: The aim was to investigate the association between lifestyle factors (food intake, sugary snacks consumption and oral health practices) and gingival bleeding during pregnancy. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the maternity clinics of three general hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. It included 216 Nigerian pregnant women selected using a convenience sample. Information was collected concerning participants' background, oral hygiene practices, dental visits, dietary habits and knowledge of nutrition during pregnancy using questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Results: The results showed that the frequency of self-reported gingivitis amongst pregnant females was 27.1%. The nutritional knowledge of the pregnant women was good (88.6%). The relationship between nutritional knowledge, education and dietary habits showed a statistically significant association (P > 0.05). There was no significant effect of the sociodemographic status on the self-reported gingival health of the pregnant females observed in this study. Conclusions: Pregnant mothers in this study have satisfactory knowledge on adequate nutrition in pregnancy. With regard to nutritional status, the result suggests that pregnant women practiced good nutrition such as consuming foods, across and within the various food groups. In this study, oral hygiene practice and food intake during pregnancy were not associated with self-reported gingival bleeding. Our findings buttress the importance of optimal nutrition during pregnancy.

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Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious issue for the health-care professionals including dental practitioners. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects were selected for the study. An online questionnaire using Google Forms was used to collect the data regarding the dentist's knowledge, perceptions and infection control in dental clinics and if they were affected by COVID-19. Data were analysed using software. Results: Out of 100 participants, 61% of them were male with a mean age of 35.21 years. More than 50% of practitioners took 10–20 min for completion of their procedure. 66% used all the personal protective equipment (PPE) with 64% of them using an N95 mask and around 90% used the PPE kit. Amongst the study group, it was found that 3% were affected by COVID-19, who were between 27 and 33 years. All of them used PPE kit with 67% using N95 mask and 33% used half respirator. 67% amongst them used high-speed handpiece and performed aerosol-producing procedures in a well-ventilated atmosphere with air conditioners. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that the maximum number of practitioners did follow the clinical protection protocol and when all protocol was followed, the number of dental practitioners affected by COVID-19 was not statistically significant.

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Introduction: Lateral throat form plays an important role in the success of lower complete denture as it affects its retention and stability. The length and thickness of lower dentures should be properly established in this region. Aim of this study is to evaluate the difference in the extension of lateral throat form between the patient's mouth and lower dentures. Materials and Methods: The lateral throat form was classified according to Neil's classification into Class I, Class II and Class III. The length of the lateral throat form was measured in the patient's mouth and in lower dentures with the help of UNC periodontal probe, and a comparison was made between them. Results: Among all the patients in this study, Neil's Class I lateral throat form was 53%, Class II was 37% and Class III was 10%. The average variation between the extent of lateral throat form intraorally and in lower denture at the anterior edge of the retromolar pad was 1.7 ± 1.75 mm in the right side and 2.5 ± 2.00 mm in the left side, whereas at the posterior edge of retromolar pad, it was 2.23 ± 1.92 mm in the right side and 3.06 ± 2.25 mm in the left side. Conclusions: The proportion of Neil's Class I was the highest followed by Class II and Class III was the lowest. The difference between the length of lateral throat form in the patient's mouth and in lower denture was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

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Background: Dermatoglyphics study the ridged skin patterns of the palms, fingers, soles and toes. They remain unchanged throughout life and are unique for the individual. Hereditary factors determine the size, relative position and type of pattern formed by the dermal ridges in the palm's interdigital areas. The present study was conducted to evaluate the interdigital association pattern of palmar dermatoglyphics among the Down syndrome patient. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram from January 2018 to January 2019. A total of 200 participants were included by convenient sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. One hundred Down syndrome patients were recruited in the study group from different Down syndrome society organizations in Bangladesh. One hundred other medical science and dental background students studying at CMC were selected as control irrespective of sex. Dermatoglyphics print was taken by the ink and paper method. The detailed dermatoglyphic analysis was done by using a magnifying glass, calculator and scale. Data were analysed for statistical significance by Chi-square test wherever applicable, by using a computer-based program SPSS-23 and MS Excel. P value was considered significant if it was <0.05 at a 95% level of confidence. Results: The interdigital pattern frequencies showed that the third interdigital loops of Down's syndrome were found in 78% of the right hands and 78% of the left hands (P < 0.001). The corresponding figures were 47% and 42% of the controls, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It is revealed that there are significant differences in the interdigital pattern between Down syndrome patients and the control group.

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